The growing militarization of outer space creates risks for global security, peaceful space exploration, and the commercial use of satellites. Without enforceable international agreements, increased anti-satellite weapons development and military orbital systems could lead to conflicts, debris hazards, and an unstable space environment.

A Multi-Phase Approach to Space Security

One way to address this could involve a gradual, cooperative approach:

• Early transparency measures: Starting with voluntary data-sharing between spacefaring nations about satellite operations to reduce mistrust.
• Behavioral norms: Establishing guidelines against harmful activities like destructive anti-satellite tests through non-binding international agreements.
• Legal frameworks: Building on existing treaties like the Outer Space Treaty to formalize prohibitions against space weapons.

The execution could begin with small pilot projects, such as a joint space monitoring initiative between willing nations, before scaling to broader agreements.

Aligning Stakeholder Interests

Different groups have motivations to support such measures:

1. Governments without advanced space programs would gain protection against dominance by major powers.
2. Commercial satellite operators need debris-free orbits for reliable service.
3. The public benefits from continued access to space-based services like GPS and weather data.

Potential incentives for reluctant space powers include reduced collision risks for their own satellites and more predictable space operations.

Building on Existing Work

This approach could complement ongoing efforts like the Woomera Manual's legal analyses and MILAMOS's military space rules by adding diplomatic and implementation components. Rather than starting from scratch, it would extend and operationalize existing research into practical policy measures.

While challenges like verification of compliance and resistance from major powers exist, a phased approach with early pilots could demonstrate the benefits of cooperation while allowing time for trust-building.